Primary Radar Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) use primary radar to monitor aircraft. Primary radar works by emitting radio waves that bounce off aircraft and return to the radar antenna. The time it takes for the radio waves to return is used to calculate the distance and direction of the aircraft. This information allows ATCs to track the position of aircraft in real-time. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) ATCs also utilize secondary surveillance radar (SSR) to monitor aircraft. SSR works in conjunction with transponders installed on aircraft. Transponders receive signals from the radar and transmit a response that includes additional information such as the aircraft's identification code and altitude. ATCs can use this data to identify and track specific aircraft. Flight Data Processing To efficiently monitor aircraft, ATCs rely on flight data processing systems. These systems receive radar and transponder data, process it, and present it to the ATCs in a clear and organized manner. Flight data processing systems can display the aircraft's position, altitude, speed, and other relevant information. Communication Air Traffic Controllers maintain constant communication with pilots through radio communication. Pilots report their position, altitude, and intentions to the ATCs. This communication allows ATCs to cross-check the information received from radar and transponder systems, ensuring accurate monitoring of aircraft. Collaboration ATCs work in coordination with other ATCs in adjacent sectors to monitor aircraft during their entire flight. This collaboration ensures seamless tracking of aircraft as they transition between different airspace sectors. ATCs exchange information about aircraft handovers, flight plans, and any relevant updates to maintain a comprehensive and accurate monitoring system. Visual Observations In addition to radar and communication systems, ATCs may also rely on visual observations. They may have access to windows or external cameras to visually monitor aircraft movements on the airport surface or in the vicinity of the control tower. Visual observations provide an additional layer of monitoring to enhance situational awareness. Overall, Air Traffic Controllers employ a combination of radar systems, transponders, flight data processing, communication, collaboration, and visual observations to effectively monitor aircraft and ensure safe and efficient air traffic management.