Techniques used by Cytogenetic Technicians: 1. Sample Collection: Cytogenetic technicians collect various types of biological samples, such as blood, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, or tissue, from patients. 2. Cell Culture: They perform cell culture techniques to grow and maintain cells in a controlled environment, ensuring the cells' viability for analysis. 3. Chromosome Preparation: Cytogenetic technicians prepare chromosomes for analysis by treating the collected samples with appropriate chemicals and enzymes to obtain clear and visible chromosomes. 4. Karyotyping: They analyze the prepared chromosomes under a microscope and arrange them in a specific order to create a karyotype, which helps identify any structural or numerical abnormalities. 5. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Cytogenetic technicians use FISH techniques to detect specific DNA sequences or genes by labeling them with fluorescent probes. This helps identify genetic abnormalities or rearrangements. 6. Microarray Analysis: They utilize microarray technology to analyze the entire genome or specific regions for copy number variations, gene expression, or chromosomal imbalances. 7. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Cytogenetic technicians employ NGS techniques to analyze DNA or RNA sequences, enabling the identification of genetic mutations, gene fusions, or other genomic alterations. 8. Image Analysis: They use specialized software to analyze and interpret images obtained from microscopic analysis, karyotyping, FISH, or other cytogenetic techniques. 9. Quality Control: Cytogenetic technicians ensure the accuracy and reliability of test results by following strict quality control protocols, maintaining laboratory standards, and participating in proficiency testing programs. 10. Documentation and Reporting: They record and document all laboratory procedures, results, and observations accurately. They also prepare comprehensive reports summarizing the findings for further analysis and interpretation by geneticists or physicians.