What is disruptive technology? The term ’disruptive technology’ is often framed in glowing terms, along with utopian promises from a market-centred ‘Silicon Valley’ perspective. Under this lens, disruptive technology is about upending existing business models and power structures, with the suggestion that this disruption benefits people’s lives. When considered in terms of society and governance, however, we must observe the effects of disruptions on our daily lives and challenge the assumption that they are ‘good’ – have disruptions like Uber and ‘smart cities’ really made life better in our cities? Or do such disruptions only further condense power in new hands, while exacerbating old issues (like inequality) and creating new ones (like privacy infringement)? This report thus considers disruptions and disruptive innovation generally, not as disruptive technology alone. Disruptions are considered for their impact on a wide range of factors. A given disruption will have certain general characteristics but vary in how it is actually applied. These applications take the form of pilots, initiatives, or experiments and provide the main source of information in this report as case studies.