“Education for Self-Reliance” is a speech given in 1967 by Julius “Mwalimu” (“Teacher”) Nyerere, the founding father of Tanzania. In 1948, Mwalimu Nyerere was a just farmer and highschool teacher in rural Tabora, Tanzania, but he heard the call to stand up for the natural rights of Africans and knew his education had prepared him to fulfil this purpose. After being persecuted and arrested for his activism, Nyerere would go on to lead Tanzania to independence peacefully in 1961. Education for Self-Reliance was published a few years later in 1967 to chart a fresh course for education in the newly independent nation, and today it is still a governing policy document in Tanzania.
"Education for Self-Reliance" begins by asking what the goal of education is: To pass on wisdom and knowledge from one generation to the next in order to prepare young people to understand and change the environment around them and take their place in society. Nyerere then identifies three problems with the colonial education system that Tanzania inherited from the British. As you read these, think and ask yourself: do you see these three problems in the educational system of your country today? First, the colonial education system benefited only a tiny portion of students who could get competitive and lucrative jobs in the colonial bureaucracy, while teaching most children little or nothing of practical use. Second, the colonial schools raised children far from the farm, the family, and real life and taught them to despise their parents and traditional culture. Third, the colonial education system gave students the mistaken impression that the only valuable knowledge is to be found in books written by experts, and measurable with standardized tests.
In the second half of the essay, Nyerere proposes the solution: Education for Self-Reliance: To bring families and communities into schools, give students more agency in determining the curriculum, and integrate local farming and entrepreneurship projects into the curriculum to promote the skills and mindset of self-reliance.
Principles:
- The goal of education is to pass on knowledge and wisdom from one generation to the next, to empower young people to understand and change the environment that surrounds them, and to take their place in history.
- Education is the responsibility of every individual, family, and the community as a whole.
- Everyone is a teacher and a student, regardless of age or level of education, because everyone has something to learn and something to teach.
- Students learn best through meaningful projects and real work.